The Hollowness of Conventional 19th Century Christian Morality in Henrik Ibsens A Doll’s House and Emile Zolas Therese Raquin. - Literature Essay Samples

Both Ibsen and Zola were firm believers in portraying their characters and works from a realistic perspective. Zola founded the naturalist movement in fiction and shared the same general perspective on society as Ibsen, who was the first of a new generation of naturalistic modern playwrights. In both Therese Raquin and A Doll’s House, the alleged central place of Christianity in 19th century European society is indirectly subverted through subtle suggestions of its irrelevance, or lack of importance, in the characters’ lives. Because of the already morally controversial nature of both Ibsen’s play and Zola’s novel, thanks to their subversion of traditional gender roles, an obvious critique of the Church or of normative religious opinion in the 19th century would have landed both writers in difficult situations. Thus, by use of indirect yet carefully aimed references, both Ibsen and Zola allude to Christianity as a hollow institution, serving merely as a sp ecious societal value, which is largely ignored in practice. Zola, coming from Catholic France, portrays the Church as an impersonal, mechanical tyranny looming in the background of his characters’ lives. Ibsen, coming from Protestant Norway, takes a more direct yet understated approach, purposely setting his play around Christmas, while having his characters mention only the materialist aspect of the holiday.As Ibsen’s play opens, a quarrel occurs between Nora, the main character, and her husband, Torvald, over how much money should be spent buying presents. (Act I, Page 10) Whilst he demands economy, she is eager to spend. Both characters see the echanging of gifts on Christmas as a familial and social obligation, the basis of which is the spending of money, not the honouring of a religious event. Similarly, Zola portrays the Church as a place not for divine worship, but rather attended only when necessary for events such as marriage. When Therese and Laurent are be ing married in church, their conduct is business-like, their â€Å"quiet and modest† (Chapter 20, Page 153) bearing being â€Å"noticed with approbation† (Chapter 20, Page 153). The irony of this, considering that their marriage has been made possible thanks to their murder of Camille, is hard to miss. Both Zola and Ibsen were self-proclaimed ‘naturalists’ (observers of nature) and atheists who put themselves in the same category as Darwin and other prominent scientists. However, living in 19th century Europe, both authors had to convey their renegade beliefs diplomatically. The idea of Christianity as an obsolete establishment is furthered by the two writers’ representation of religious and moral feeling as something mechanical and impersonal. Neither Therese nor Laurent feels any real guilt or remorse for the cardinal ‘sins’ they have committed, which include breaking the commandments regarding coveting thy neighbour’s wife an d committing adultery, not to mention killing. Zola is at pains to make clear that all they care about is not getting found out. As for Nora, she feels that she is a tainted, sinful woman, unfit to be a mother. Yet the ‘crime’ she has committed was an altruistic and ostensibly ‘Christian’ act, borrowing money illegally and thereby risking her own security to save her husband’s life. Is Torvald prepared to demonstrate ‘Christian’ forgiveness when he finds this out? Not at all, he judges and condemns his wife for her self-sacrifice. At the end of A Doll’s House, when Nora makes clear her intention to leave her home because of his total lack of gratitude or sympathy over her sacrifice for him, Torvald inquires acidly whether she has â€Å"no religion, no ethics, no sense of duty† (Act III, Page 77). He relates religion to societal obligations, referring to it as a duty rather than an act of faith or love. Religion, to him, i s only a set of social rules he has never once thought to question along with his own moral and religious hypocrisy. Nora later comments, (almost sarcastically) â€Å"miracles don’t happen everyday, God knows† (Act 3, Page 84), in reference to her diminished hope or Helmer’s support for her sacrifice on his behalf. Coming after she has just stated that she does not understand religion, this gives the comment an almost mocking tone.Zola mirrors this type of irony in his description of Madame Raquin’s situation after her paralysis. The use of opposites insinuates the imbalanced and contradictory nature of divine worship; Madame Raquin’s face is depicted as with â€Å"flesh hung loose and grimacing† (Chapter 26, Page 204), yet in the midst of this ugliness, her eyes are of â€Å"heavenly loveliness† (Chapter 26, Page 204). Moreover, the lower part of her face described as â€Å"bleak and colourless† (Chapter 26, Page 204), while t he upper part filled with â€Å"divine radiance† (Chapter 26, Page 204). Zola is associating pious spiritual beauty with physical grotesqueness, as if the two go hand in hand. Advancing on this comes Zola’s most obvious attack on religion, where even the most pure and devout character is turned sour and distrusting, thinking that if she could, she would have â€Å"cursed God†. This goes on to become increasingly bitter because of His â€Å"deceit†, and culminates in a simple yet groundbreaking statement; â€Å"God was wicked† (Chapter 26, Page 206). Thus when Madame Raquin opens up to reality, she sees through the faà §ade to the true hollowness of the Church.Ibsen’s attack on the emptiness of religious values is furthered when Nora rightly replies to Helmer’s accusations of impiety and sinfulness, â€Å"I don’t know what (religion) is† (Act 3, Page 83), elaborating that she knows only what the clergymen have said about it. She says, â€Å"he told us religion was this, and that, and the other† (Act 3, Page 83), her very diction indicating the domineering, mechanical nature of the church. Helmer replies that this dissent from conventional gender roles, as stipulated by religious authority, is occurring because she â€Å"does not understand the society (she) lives in† (Act 3, Page 84). What this implies is that the Norwegian Protestant Church, like the Catholic Church in Zola’s France, is a statutory institution, a domineering power that commands instead of guiding and is largely ignored or misunderstood. This is the direct opposite of what Christian spirituality was originally supposed to be—a faith taken up as a matter of personal conscience, rather than a machine for enforcing social conformity. Ibsen illustrates his troubled protagonist as a truly honest character who does not understand or approve of religion as she has been taught it, but has merely been pretending to her whole life. Zola, on the other hand, subverts religion in a different, more sporadic way, the constant usage of God’s name in vain continually reinforcing the main characters’ disregard for religious morality. Any time the murder of Camille is directly spoken of, Therese exclaims, â€Å"Oh God! Oh God!† (Chapter 28/29, Page 218/229) as a kind of empty reflex. This notion is amplified throughout the rest of the novel as neither Therese nor Laurent ever considers the presumed divine consequences of the murder for their souls. Only at a point where they feel overwhelmed by fear of worldly punishment do they invoke the Lord’s name in a seemingly pathetic attempt at finding an easy way out of their dilemma out of pure desperation. Finally, Therese and Laurent commit double suicide, a religiously interdicted act and an illegal one, and do so nor out of guilt, but rather only as an alternative either to murdering one another to prevent mutual betrayal of their murder of Camille; or to actually betraying each other, being arrested, tried and duly murdered by the state. Notably, Nora too contemplates suicide without regard for its supposed divine consequences, but with plenty of consideration for avoiding social humiliation. While Ibsen exposes the vacancy of feeling in socially imposed religious mores through a blunt admission by Nora, which is actually a reflection of her own enlightenment and her emergence as an intelligent, self-aware character; Zola instead makes use of short, quick insinuations to reveal the absence of any reflection and conscience, religious or otherwise, in his main characters to display the depth of their depravity and desperation.Another way that Zola and Ibsen allude to the emptiness and irrelevance of religion in the society they are depicting is by not mentioning it, or doing so sparingly. In A Doll’s House, the moral dilemma of the play would, in 19th century European culture, naturally involve an extensive discussion of religion. However, Ibsen ensures that this always remains merely as a backdrop, not as an intimate, important part of Torvald and Nora’s lives. To reiterate, this is the source of the irony of the play’s taking place on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, and Boxing Day, all religious holidays, yet no character ever mentions the religious dimension of these events, while the prevailing actions being displayed on these holy days are threats of blackmail, marital duplicity, thoughts of suicide, lack of empathy for loved ones or spite and envy. The deterioration of the Christmas tree is also emblematic of the ethical issues faced by Ibsen’s characters, as it serves to compliment their own moral decay as time progresses. Similarly, Therese and Laurent never weigh up the ethical, much less the metaphysical implications of murder and for both of them. Everything is subordinate to gratification of their selfish desires. Thereby, Zola uses the absence of a moral framework in his main characters’ lives to imply the hollow, obsolete, irrelevant nature of the Church’s moral teaching in his society. Neither author could be accused of criticizing Christianity directly, yet both Zola and Ibsen present the audience with a world in which religion is identifiable with social conformity rather than personal conscience, and is complied with out of habit and necessity, if it is even remembered at all.Therese Raquin,Emile Zola,Translation by Leonard TancockPenguin Classics1962A Doll’s House,Henrik Ibsen,Translation by Kenneth McLeish1995

Milton Versus Astell A Study of Paradise Lost, Reflections on Marriage, and Holy Matrimony - Literature Essay Samples

When comparing their two works, it becomes clear that while John Milton’s Paradise Lost shares the general viewpoint on marriage found in Mary Astell’s Reflections upon Marriage — that being that the institution of marriage of the time period was problematic — the two differ greatly on what they present as the cause of the problem. Based on the evidence in the text, Milton appears to believe that women pose the issue in the union. In sharp contrast, Astell appears to propose that the fault lies with men, outlining a few that is equally strong-willed in its assertions. One feature that reveals Milton’s and Astell’s conflicting viewpoint on who holds the fault for problematic marriages is the focus of their writing when referring to the subject. One will note, for example, that the argument posed in Astell’s writing largely criticizes the way men choose their wives: â€Å"They who marry for Love as they call it, find time enough to repent their rash Folly†¦ Whether it be Wit or Beauty that a Mans in Love with, theres no great hopes of a lasting Happiness† (Astell). Men are spoken of in an active tense, having actions attributed to them in a way not found in Astell’s descriptions of women. To be fair, there is one mention of action attributed to the hypothetical women in this scenario, but it does not disprove my point. When speaking on how a woman’s wit will not give her husband long-lasting satisfaction, Astell states, â€Å"it is not improbable that such a Husband may in a little time by ill usage pr ovoke such a Wife to exercise her Wit, that is, her Spleen on him, and then it is not hard to guess how very agreeable it will be to him† (Astell). Juxtaposing the two examples, one can see that Astell only breaks from describing women in the passive when explaining how a woman’s actions will cause he husband to react. The description is sandwiched between two male actions and will largely go unnoticed to those who read it. Compare this depiction of men to the way Milton writes Adam as he reflects on Eve. As he speaks with the angel Raphael about his creation and thusly the creation of Eve, Adam expresses that his adoration for her goes beyond rational thought: â€Å"For well I understand in the prime end / Of nature her th’ inferior†¦ yet when I approach / Her loveliness, so absolute she seems/ And in herself complete† (Milton 2088-2089). While the writing still places Adam as the active subject, notice that Eve, intentionally or not, entices Adam to abandon the principles with which he was created. Eve is literally the cause of the earliest issue with their union. This, one can see, is the key difference. Both Astell and Milton express their beliefs that long marriages must be sustained on more than mere attraction to the body or mind, but they place the blame in the situation on the opposite party. Astell’s focus on male folly as she writes demonstrates her assumption that s hould a marriage fail, it will be because the husband acted too hastily as he chose a life partner. Meanwhile, Milton asserts that in a marriage based on love, women will be the ultimate destruction of their combined happiness. Based on the evidence, it becomes apparent that while Milton and Astell share the perspective that marriage is problematic, they differ drastically on who in the relationship is the cause of the unhappiness. Much like how the writing styles of both Milton and Astell explore the parties they place blame on for an unhappy marriage, so to do the narrative they create around their arguments. In both their works Astell and Milton construct a clear antagonist figure in the marriage, portraying the problematic party in purely negative contexts. To begin, I will dissect Milton’s depiction of Eve’s awakening after being created. â€Å"I first awakened, and found myself reposed / Under a shade of flowers,† Eve recounts in a conversation with Adam, â€Å"much wond’ring where / And what I was† (Milton 2012). There are immediate differences between Eve’s first impressions versus Adam’s. As Adam remembers being created, he tells Raphael, â€Å"As new waked from soundless sleep†¦ I found me laid / In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun / Soon dried† (Milton 2083). Whereas Eve wakes in the shade — the darkness — Adam wakes in the light. This not only portrays Eve as an innately antagonistic partner but also symbolizes their intelligences relative to each other. There are multiple instances throughout the poem of Eve having to be explicitly told information. By her own admission, she would have remained staring at herself had a divine voice not intervened: â€Å"there I had fixed / Mine eyes till now, and pinned with vain desire / Had not a voice thus warned me† (Milton 2013). This is similar to how Astell portrays the antagonist in her views on marriage. The husband in her scenario is portrayed as hasty, focusing on things that will grow unfavourable over time. As Astell describes, â€Å"They who marry for Love as they call it, find time enough to repent their rash Folly† (Astell). Much like Eve the hypothetical husband is conveyed as largely unintelligent and not having put much thought into their actions. Similarly, both authors mention their respective problematic partners being quick to anger when the situation does not become ideal. Note that in Book 9 of Paradise Lost, after Adam and Eve have eaten from the Tree of Life, there comes a scene that perfectly echoes Astell’s description of why wit will not sustain a happy a happy marriage. Similarly to the hypothetical wife in Astell’s scenario, Adam â€Å"exercises his Spleen† on Eve when he fully realizes how her actions have doomed them both, something that appears to be justified by the text given Eve’s antagonistic portrayal. I encourage the reader to compare this with Astell’s version: â€Å"it is not improbable that such a Husband may in a little time by ill usage provoke such a Wife to exercise her Wit, that is, her Spleen on him, and then it is not hard to guess how very agreeable it will be to him† (Astell). The pattern in both are mirror copies of each other the problematic spouse causes the unproblematic spouse to get angry, resulting in the problematic spouse getting angry in turn rather than try to resolve the matter peacefully. The intent to place one party in the wrong is strongly apparent and once again displays that while Astell and Milton agree that marriage is problematic, they differ on the matter of who in the marriage is responsible for the unhappiness. Both Astell and Milton were authors that challenged the expectations of marriage, revealing that under planned, rushed judgements for long-term relationships are ill-advised and do not produce long-lasting happiness. While they do agree on this idea, they disagree on who should be blamed for this unhappiness. Astell accuses men of being the problem; for his part, Milton places the blame on women, reflecting a divergence in the views of these two influential authors.

Uglies Essay - 902 Words

Chelsea Dowding-Hopkins Year 9 – Mrs Graham INS essay Uglies by Scott Westerfield One of the main themes in Scott Westerfield’s text Uglies is the conflict teenagers have with where they stand in society and learning to respect and value themselves. Using examples from the text compare them with today’s world for teenagers. Word count: Date Due: Uglies illustrates many issues that young teenagers will go through in life. The reader has an insight of three main characters and their struggles to fit in to certain societies and others. They are Tally, Shay and David. â€Å"Is it not good to make a society full of beautiful people?† (p.1), the first line of the text Uglies foreshadows exactly what the main theme of the book†¦show more content†¦Westerfield perfectly portrays how we, as a society, see beauty. We see beauty as perfection, not a line out of place, and this judgement came about due to our desire for perfection. When picking up any magazine the front page is bound to be altered to show us how we should look. Gone are the days where voluptuous, well rounded women are considered to be goddesses. People in today’s society see models and movie stars starve themselves until they believe they are beautiful and Westerfield plays on this throughout the entire text. Tally sees herself as ugly beca use she does not notice anything good about her, until she meets David. When anyone compliments Tally she refuses to believe it as the truth, and it is unlikely that she has ever felt attractive in her whole life. Westerfield only describes Tally the way she sees herself and although it is in the third person the reader is given certain knowledge about what goes on through Tally’s mind which the reader does not have for any other character. At the beginning of the text the reader is led to believe that Pretties have the idealistic life; beautiful with not a care in the world but the reader may feel discomfort with how superficial it all seems. Nothing is wrong with the way Tally looks and the reader can presume that she is quite naturally attractive after receiving several compliments from twoShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Ugly Duckling and Standards of Beauty Today1534 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Ugly Duckling† and Standards of Beauty Today Jennifer Murrish Kaplan University HU300-01RP682 â€Å"The Ugly Duckling† and Standards of Beauty Today Of all the stories I have heard throughout the years there is one that I can think of which really stands out in my mind. The story I chose is, â€Å"The Ugly Duckling† by Hans Christian Anderson, first published in Denmark, November 11, 1843. 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Months in Russian Pronunciation and Examples

The names of the months in Russian come from Latin and can sound similar to English. As with all other Russian nouns, month names change according to the case they are in. Russian months are masculine in gender. They are never capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. Russian Months Translation Pronunciation Example Ã' Ã ½Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' January yanVAR' - Ð Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã »Ã' Ã ½Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' (nastooPEEL janVAR')- January began Ã'„Ð µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å' February fyvRAL' - Ð ¯ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã µÃ ´Ã'Æ' Ð ² Ã'„Ð µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã µ (ya priYEdu ffyevraLYEH)- I will arrive in February Ð ¼Ã °Ã'€Ã'‚ March mart - Ð’Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ° (vas'MOye MARtuh)- 8th of March Ð °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ »Ã'Å' April ahpRYEL' - ПÐ µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ »Ã'  - ДÐ µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¼Ã µÃ'…Ð ° (PYERvaye ahpRYElya - DYEN' SMYEkha)- April 1st is April Fools' Day Ð ¼Ã °Ã ¹ May ah - y (as in 'my') - ДÐ µÃ ½Ã'Å' ПÐ ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ ´Ã'‹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ² Ð ¼Ã °Ã µ (DYEN' paBYEdy PRAZnuyetsya VMAyeh)- Victory Day is celebrated in May Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ ½Ã'Å' June ee-YUN' - ИÃ'ŽÐ ½Ã'Å' - Ã'ˆÐ µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ° (eeYUN' - shysTOY MYEsyats GOduh)-June is the 6th month of the year Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ »Ã'Å' July ee-YULE - Ð’ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ »Ã µ Ã'Æ' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã'  Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã º (V eeYUly oo myNYA OHTpusk)- My vacation isin July Ð °Ã ²Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚ August AHVgoost - Ð Ã ²Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ´Ã °Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð ºÃ ¸Ã ¼ (AHVgoost VYdalsya ahSOHbynuh ZHARkim)- August was particularly hot Ã' Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Å' September synTYABR' - Ð’ Ã' Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð µÃ ±Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´ (fsyntyabRYE nachyNAyytsa ooCHEBny GOHD)- The academic year starts in September Ð ¾Ã ºÃ'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Å' October akTYABR' - ОÐ ½Ã ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ² Ð ¾Ã ºÃ'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ (aNEE ooyeZHAHyut v aktybRYE)-Theyleave in October Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Å' November naYABR' - Ð Ã ¾Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Å' - Ã'…Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† (naYABR' - haLODny MYEsyats)- November is a cold month Ð ´Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Å' December dyKABR' - Ð ¡Ã ½Ã µÃ ³ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'ˆÐ µÃ » Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ (SNYEG paSHYOL f dyekabRYE)- It began tosnow in December Using Prepositions With Names of Months in Russian Ð ² - In  (Prepositional Case) The preposition  Ã ²Ã‚  means in and is used to indicate that something happens during a certain month. Ð’ Ã' Ã ½Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð µ - in JanuaryÐ’ Ã'„Ð µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã µ - in FebruaryÐ’ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð µ - in MarchÐ’ Ð °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ »Ã µ - in AprilÐ’ Ð ¼Ã °Ã µ - in MayÐ’ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ ½Ã µ - in JuneÐ’ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ »Ã µ - in JulyÐ’ Ð °Ã ²Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð µ - in AugustÐ’ Ã' Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ - in SeptemberÐ’ Ð ¾Ã ºÃ'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ - in OctoberÐ’ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ - in NovemberÐ’ Ð ´Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã ±Ã'€Ð µ - in December Example: - Ð ¯ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã » Ð ·Ã ´Ã µÃ' Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã' Ã ½Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð µ.- I started to work here in January. Ð ½Ã ° - For (Accusative Case) The names of all months remain unchanged when using the preposition Ð ½Ã °. Example:   - ЕÐ ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ½Ã °Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã °Ã'€Ã'‚.- His tests have been arranged for March. Ã'  - From, Since and Ð ´Ã ¾ - Until (Genitive Case) Ã'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ½Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'  - since / until JanuaryÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã'„Ð µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'  - since / until FebruaryÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ° - since / until MarchÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ »Ã'  - since  / until AprilÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'  - since / until MayÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ ½Ã'  - since / until JuneÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ »Ã'  - since / until JulyÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð °Ã ²Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ° - since / until AugustÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'  - since / until SeptemberÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¾Ã ºÃ'‚Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'  - since / until OctoberÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ±Ã'€Ã'  - since / until NovemberÃ'  / Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ´Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã ±Ã'€Ã'  - since / until December Example: - Ð ¯ Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã'Æ' Ð ² Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ºÃ µ Ã'  Ð ¼Ã °Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã'ŽÐ »Ã' .- I will be on vacation from May until July. Abbreviations Russian names of months are often shortened in writing (such as calendars or diaries) using the following abbreviations: Ð ¯Ã ½Ã ² - JanuaryÐ ¤Ã µÃ ² - FebruaryÐÅ"Ð °Ã'€ - MarcfÐ Ã ¿Ã'€ -  AprilÐÅ"Ð °Ã ¹ -  MayИÃ'ŽÐ ½Ã‚  Ã‚  -  Ã‚  JuneИÃ'ŽÐ » - JulyÐ Ã ²Ã ³ -  AugustÐ ¡Ã µÃ ½ -  SeptemberОÐ ºÃ'‚ - OctoberÐ Ã ¾Ã'  - NovemberДÐ µÃ º - December Russian Calendar Russia has been using the Gregorian calendar since 1940, as well as for a short time from 1918 until 1923. However, the Russian Orthodox Church continues to use the Julian calendar. That is why the Russian Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7 and Easter is usually celebrated later than in the West. During the Soviet years, two more calendars were introduced and then canceled. The first one, named  The Eternal Calendar, or the Russian Revolution Calendar, abolished the official Gregorian calendar that had been brought in by Vladimir Lenin in 1918. The Eternal Calendar went into effect in the 1920s, with the exact date debated by historians. All religious celebrations were abolished and five new national public holidays were established instead. The main goal of this calendar was to increase workers productivity, it was decided that the weeks would have five days each, with rest days staggered. However, this did not work as planned, with many families affected by the staggered weeks. T he Eternal Calendar was replaced with another 12-month system which retained the same holidays but increased the number of days in a week to six. The rest day was now on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th of each month. This calendar functioned until 1940 and was replaced by the Gregorian calendar.

The Myths And Its Impact On Society - 1007 Words

Since the beginning of time humankind has either accepted, rejected, or altered history. Accepting and rejecting a particular point of view can ultimately lead to conflict due to a difference of opinion. Altering history can also lead to conflict, but the individual modifying the details of history do so to satisfy what they believe to be the truth. That being said, worldview boils down to individual truth. The purpose of this essay is to explore various worldviews derived from, or in response to, Christianity to analyze how their disparities led to conflict. John Lennon once said, â€Å"I believe in everything until it’s disproved. So I believe in fairies, the myths, dragons. It all exists, even if it’s in your mind. Who’s to say that dreams and nightmares aren’t as real as the here and now?† (Lennon, n.d,) This statement depicts a similar truth that the Enlightenment worldview had. Enlightenment at its inception shifted the essential focal point from God to self. With this shift humankind became more in control of their own beliefs. Belief is something based on facts, reason, or a combination of both. Humankind began to reason their foundation of faith with what they considered facts hence, they became more enlightened and in control of their destiny. Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Enlightenment movement began to surface and subsequently gained momentum as a viable option for a worldview. To this point Christianity and Judaism were the predominantShow MoreRelatedCreation Myths And Its Impact On Society1188 Words   |  5 Pagesour world came to be. Whether we are in church, the synagogue, or the temple humans have established ideologies. Humans use the creation myths to bring about some understanding as to how humans magically or purposely inhabited the earth. However, even though myths satisfy this yearning for how and why, the scientific world revolted with the idea that creation myths are no longe r satisfactory. 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Women could not vote in Greek society, they could not own property, and women could not have much communication with males outside their immediate families. In Roman society however thereRead MoreMyths: Education and Family1664 Words   |  7 PagesInterpreting and understanding myths depend on an individualâ₠¬â„¢s personal views, beliefs, and ideas. With that in mind, the myth regarding the nuclear family and the myth of education and empowerment are all interpreted differently and argued, for and against, in many ways. Both have been perceived negatively by society, yet they have not always been a harmful folktale. Rather, the myth that education can improve someone’s life has been used, year after year, to motivate the youth in order to improve

Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication - 1932 Words

In this paper I will discuss and analyze the verbal communication, â€Å"the exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions† McCornack, 2013, p. 191), and the nonverbal communication, â€Å"the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual’s nonspoken physical and behavioral cues (Patterson, 1995)† (McCornack, 2013, p. 223), of a 2012 Third Party Presidential Debate between Jill Stein, Rocky Anderson, Virgil Hamlin, and Gary Johnson. In the opening of this debate, (female host Christina Tobin) thanks everyone for their time and tries to set a positive mood for this debate, assuring people that this debate has not been influenced, this debate is for individuals and every class of people. There†¦show more content†¦When she references I in this statement she is clearly using â€Å"I† language and she is expressing that she is opposed to this, â€Å"phrases that emphasize ownership of your feeling s, opinions, and beliefs† (McCornack, 2013, p. 207). She is expressing verbally her and her political parties beliefs and there opinion on the bill. According to McCorncack when using â€Å"I† language you take ownership of your feelings and that is clearly what she was doing in this response to the question. She also uses â€Å"we† language in the same response, â€Å"wordings that emphasize inclusion† (McCornack, 2013, p. 208), she is using â€Å"we† language to show that not only herself but also her party are in agreeance about this question. â€Å"â€Å"we† language helps us bolster feelings of connection and similarity, not only with romantic partners but also with anyone to whom we want to signal a collaborative relationship.† (McCornack, 2013, p. 208) She is clearly showing that the green party and herself are one the same page. In Ms. Stein’s response to the first question she was very clam and used cooperative verbal communication, â€Å"you produce messages that have three characteristics. First, you speak in ways that others can easily understand, using language that is informative, honest, relevant, and clear. Second, you take active ownership for what you’re saying by using â€Å"I† language. 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Without communication, we as a species would’ve most likely never reached the place we are as a society today. Most people believe that verbal communication is what has brought us so far but in fact, we as a race have been using a melding of both verbal and nonverbal means to communicate with on another. These means are usually comprised of gestures that we all use throughout

Competitive Strategy Business Organisation

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for Business Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Business Strategy The material given in the video highlights the importance of strategy for a business organisation to achieve its goals and objectives. Strategy of a business organisation is different from its tactics and objectives and aims to provide answers to the following four questions: Where do we compete? What unique value do we bring? What resources and capabilities do we utilise? How do we sustain unique value? A good strategy provides clear answer to the above questions. The first question emphasises on the trend present in the competitive market where a business aims to provide its products and services (Kryscynski, 2015). The next question focuses on differentiating product or service offered by a firm that is difficult for competitors to imitate. The third question emphasises on resources utilised such as superior technology, competent workforce or good brand image of an organisation and capabilities refers to its ability to use the resources in an appropriate way. The last question addresses on the need of adopting tactics that help an organisation to sustain its competitive position in the market. The video has presented the example of IKEA competitive strategy that has helped it to achieve a distinctive position in the furniture market internationally. IKEA provides affordable furniture products in a fun and low pressure showroom that helps it to gain customer satisfaction. In additi on to this, the video also reflected the boundaries that businesses need to determine in advance that they should not implement in their business strategy (Kryscynski, 2015). Ashley Furniture is recognised to be the largest manufacturer of furniture in the world. However, IKEA is gaining competitive advantage through its unique competitive strategy and as such is outperforming major players such as Ashley Furniture in the furniture industry. It is able to offer low-priced furniture products through emphasizing on mass production that helps it to minimise its operational cost (Lutz, 2015). On other hand, the price of furniture of Ashley is high-priced as it does not incorporate the strategy of mass production. IKEA retail stores attract customers as it focuses on providing fun and relaxed environment to the customers. Also, the products are shipped in flat boxes as the final assembly of products is done by the customers that help it to minimise the shipping cost. Ashley also needs to devise a unique competitive strategy as that of IKEA that will help it to reduce its operational cost and thus achieve high profitability. It can be done by introducing major changes in the strategic direction of the company. It needs to implement changes in its business model that help it to gain customer satisfaction. For example, the online website of Ashley does not incorporate the pricing of the products and also does not provide buying option to the customers. Customers have to visit the companys retail store only for buying the furniture product. However, the online website of IKEA provides you an option of ordering the product through its website (Montana, 2015). Ashley Furniture needs to devise a good strategy addressing all the four questions in context for developing its competitive strategy that is difficult to imitate by the competitors as in case of IKEA. Business Innovation The given material in the video demonstrates the importance of business model innovation for achieving competitive advantage for organisations. For example, IKEA has acquired competitive advantage by re-inventing its business model. Business model innovation is not about carrying out extensive Research Development and technological development but simply refers to successfully learning and adapting to successful business models of other similar industries (Business Model Innovation, 2013). This can be achieved through the following four steps: Initiation: It refers to analysing current business model of an organisation for identifying the improvements to be done. Ideation: It refers to developing new business model through recombining the ideas and concepts from successful business model of other similar industries. Integration: It refers to examine the consistency of business model devised to be adopted. Implementation: It refers to monitoring and reviewing the business model adopted and identifying the improvements that need to be done. The organisations need to overcome from the misconception that extensive resources and creative ideas are necessary for innovating their business model. The organisations can re-invent their business model by developing answer to the following questions: Who are your target customers? What you offer to the customer? How do you create customer value proposition? How do you generate revenue? However, organisations need to consider the following points during re-inventing their business model. This include implementing only one business model at a time, giving proper time to develop a business model, gaining commitment from top management and overcoming resistance from the employees. Innovation in business model is necessary for organisations to gain competitive advantage through providing high value to the customers and reducing the operational cost (Business Model Innovation, 2013). For example, Billabong International Limited is an international clothing retailer but is presently experiencing a downturn in its sales due to lack of innovation in its business model. The company needs to incorporate the latest trends and styles updates in its apparels for meeting the changing needs and expectations of the customer. For example, Billabong products are not in accordance with the expectations of youths thus dropping its sales (Jackson, 2013). Thus, Billabong need to successfully learn and recombine the strategies obtained from the successful business model of other similar industries such as supermarket that will help it to innovate in its products and services. The company need to follow and adopt the steps of business model innovation that are, initiation, ideation, integration and implementation for adopting the changes in its present business model. In addition to this, it also need to identify its target customer segment, types of products and services to be off ered to them, generating high value products to the customers and focusing on increased revenue generation. This all is necessary for re-inventing the business model of Billabong so that it is able to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage globally (Business Model Innovation, 2013). References Business Model Innovation. 2013. [Online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed on: 16 August 2016]. Jackson. R. 2013. Billabongs Downfall May Signal The Death Of The Entire Surfwear Industry. [Online]. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/billabong-demise-surfwear-2013-11?IR=T [Accessed on: 16 August 2016]. Kryscynski, D. 2015. What is Strategy? [Online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [Accessed on: 16 August 2016]. Lutz, A. 2015. Ikea's Strategy For Becoming The World's Most Successful Retailer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/Ikeas-Strategy-For-Becoming-The-Worlds-Most-Successful-Retailer/articleshow/45904642.cms [Accessed on: 16 August 2016]. Montana, S. 2015. Ikea vs Target vs Ashley Furniture: Quality, Value Shipping Compared. [Online]. Available at: https://homeaccessories.knoji.com/ikea-vs-target-vs-ashley-furniture-quality-value-shipping-compared/ [Accessed on: 16 August 2016].