Assignment 12(675) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 12(675) - Essay Example Sarah, being a novice teacher, is not likely to be acquainted with the norms and practices of Elmstreet Elementary School. The problems faced due to a conflict between school culture and her teaching approaches are chanced to be high. This is because the students would be used to a different technique of teaching and a different way of classroom management. For example, if other teachers were fairly strict with their approach to discipline and a new teacher seems to be softer, students may take advantage of the leniency. This causes classroom disturbance. This certainly does not point to the teacher’s incompetence in maintaining class discipline, rather the students not being used to such an instructor. A similar situation is displayed in Sarah’s case. Another problem that may arise is of a difference in delivering the lecture. Some teachers use an interactive approach and do excessive questioning, keeping the classroom lively by cracking jokes, whereas some may be too professional. What is important in schools is to adopt a way that suits the learning process of students and keeps them under control. The role to be taken of the mentor teacher is one of a personality mentor as well as a motivational guide. As mentioned in the vignette, Sarah lacks strong personal authority. The mentor must guide Sarah towards the type of culture that prevails in the school, motivate her so that she strengthens her personal authority and advise her ways to adopt to the culture. When someone is told off for their actions or their shortcomings are pointed out by someone else, it is in our human nature to not accept it fully and possibly feel angered and belittled. The most effective self-improvement is done where a person himself identifies and accepts his/her flaws and works on a plan to improve them. Having Sarah involved in her growth plan development will help keep her motivation and self-image intact. This will make her work harder than she would have had someone else

Reasons for United States Possible Attack on Iran Essay Example for Free

Reasons for United States Possible Attack on Iran Essay The topic on the possibility of United States launching a military attack against Iran has dominated much news for several years since the Bush administration and during which some quarters speculated that such an attack would be ordered before the administration left office. As early as 2005, a number of articles had started revealing the imminent plans by Pentagon to order military operations against Iran. While people and the media may speculate and give their opinions about many aspects of the imminent war, the most important issue to understand is the reasons which may spark the attack. It is therefore the objective of this paper to discuss the reasons why US would engage in a military land war with Iran. 2. 0 The Euro-Based Oil Bourse This is one of the major reasons which revolve around the plan by Tehran government in 2005 and 2006 to start competing with the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the largest physical commodity futures exchange in the world based in New York and the London based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) by using the euro-dominated oil trading mechanism (Clark, 2004). The logic behind this is that by using this mechanism in international oil trades, the euro is going to take dominance and establish a firm ground which will serve to overshadow the strength of the U. S dollar in the global oil market. The U. S government therefore considers this a real threat by Tehran government which warrants intervention to protect the dollar from being toppled off from its long term monopoly in the critical international oil market. It is worth noting that lack of an oil pricing standard that is euro-dominated also referred to oil â€Å"marker† in the oil trading industry is one of the technical challenges facing the euro-based trading system in oil transactions. The oil markers currently in operation today are the U. S dollar dominated which include Norway Brent crude, West Texas Intermediate crude, and the UAE Dubai crude. In the spring of 2003, Iran laid down a requirement that all the transactions for its Asian and European oil exports be conducted using the euro currency though the pricing of oil was still predominantly controlled by the dollar. Following an official announcement in 2004 that Iran had intentions to develop an Iranian oil Bourse, it raised the concerns that a stiff competition would ensue between the Iranian oil bourse and the U. S owned NYME and the IPE (Clark, 2004). The macroeconomic implications of such a development would cause a shift in the international commerce in both Middle East and the European Union which is the largest importer of oil from OPEC producers. Consequently, the financial hegemony enjoyed by the IPE and NYMEX would be greatly challenged and thus the U. S is likely to avoid this through military action. 3. 0 The Ambitious Nuclear Program of Iran The Tehran’s nuclear ambition is another possible reason as to why the U. S may launch a land military attack on Iran. This has been seen from the latest series of sanctions on Iran by the Obama administration which mainly targets the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps which is the most powerful social, political and economic institution in Iran. The organization also has a large number of companies and banks and therefore makes it an appropriate target for these sanctions (LANDLER COOPER, 2010). However, the critical thing to focus on with regard to this issue is whether these sanctions have the capacity to compel Iran to halt its nuclear program. If the history of political and economic sanctions against countries is anything to go by, then Iran may not change its course despite the sanctions and this may lead to war. The reason for the sanctions is to â€Å"contain† Tehran which depicts a link which leads from diplomatic pressure to military action (Nadal, 2010). Tehran views this threat as real considering that its two neighbors to the west and to the east have a large number of U. S troops. 4. 0 Conclusion A possible military action on Iran by the US cannot be overlooked since the reasons surrounding this possibility would also have major effects on the economy and the security of the US. Considering the economic problems facing the US, the attempts by Iran to establish the euro-based oil bourse may seem as an attempt to suppress the dollar in the international oil market. The nuclear program also would threaten the security not only of the US but also of the world if it is not either regulated or completely halted. To aver the nuclear weapons development, Washington ought to try and alter the perceptions of threat harbored by Iran against America. References Clark, W. (2004). The Real Reasons Why Iran is the Next Target: The Emerging Euro-denominated International Oil Marker. Retrieved August 20, 2010, from http://www. globalresearch. ca/articles/CLA410A. html LANDLER, M. , COOPER, H. (2010). U. S. Eyes New Sanctions Over Iran Nuclear Program. Retrieved August 20, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/02/10/world/middleeast/10sanctions. html? _r=1 Nadal, A. (2010). Sanctions against Iran and the Next War. Retrieved August 20, 2010, from http://www. campaigniran. org/casmii/index. php? q=node/10518

Performance Analysis of One Dimension FDTD Code

Performance Analysis of One Dimension FDTD Code Performance analysis of One dimension FDTD code using Parallel Processing Technique P. GUNAPANDIAN, M.R.SUBASREE, B. MANIMEGALAI Abstract The requirement of longer processing time and larger memory makes FDTD method impractical for many cases. Implementation of parallel processing in FDTD method is proposed in this paper. The implementation depends mainly on computer architecture and programming libraries under different operating systems. In this paper a several performance tests of a one dimension FDTD code is tested in different platforms. The results shows that Parallel processing shows a linear decrease in time and larger data handling which makes it as a right platform for complex structures. Keywords:  FDTD, parallel processing, computer architecture, operating system, serial processing. Introduction Computational ability has advanced in the recent few decades. One of the most common methods to solve Maxwells equations on arbitrary configurations of materials and field sources is the Finite Differences on Time Domain (FDTD) [1]. There exist a number of techniques for enhancing the performance of the conventional FDTD, in order to obtain accuracy the conformal FDTD method which simulates the curved perfect electrical conductor (PEC) [2,3]. Sub-gridding technique is used to increase the mesh density in the local area in which the field varies quickly [5,6]. The Multi-Resolution Time-Domain (MRTD) and Pseudo-Spectrum Time-Domain (PSTD) techniques are used to reduce the dispersion of the conventional yee grid [7,8]. The above techniques mentioned are used to improve the conventional FDTD technique for the purpose of reducing either memory requirements or simulation time. The parallel-processing FDTD accelerates the FDTD simulation by distributing the job to multiple processors, so th at the available memory for large problems is virtually unlimited. At the same time, the simulation time is dramatically reduced compared to a single-processor implementation. On the computational point of view the parallel processing have an important advantage which makes the parallel executions strategies easier. Parallel processing in computers is based on dividing a computer code into a number of segments and distribution of the task among a number of computers/processors, which are then executed in parallel. This may be achieved on hardware-level, software level, or both. Hardware-level parallelization necessitates alternative processor designs. Software-level parallelization can be either on data level or function level, depending on the characteristics of the code [9]. In this paper one dimensional FDTD code is developed for parallel processing. The performance analysis of the code developed is compared with both serial and parallel. The code is simulated in different platforms and the results are obtained. The results shows the efficiency of the parallel processing in handling larger data and reduction of time compared to serial processing. FDTD METHOD The FDTD method is one of the well known approaches to solve Maxwell’s partial differential equations, because of its high versatility. FDTD algorithm is based on temporal and three-dimensional spatial discretization and it transforms the time-dependent Maxwell’s curl equations into a set of finite-difference relations [10, 11].Boundary conditions are needed on the edge of the simulation domain, among the several possible choices perfect matched layer (PML) boundary can be more accurate and the PML boundary is used in the developed code. One Dimension FDTD The one dimension FDTD starts with the formulation of the Maxwell’s equations, Where E and H are electric and magnetic field respectively. The one dimension equation for Ex and Hy are given, which denotes the Electric field with respect to x direction and magnetic field with respect to y direction. The update equations are given in (3) and (4). The FDTD update equations are used to develop the Matlab code and the code is excited with the Gaussian pulse and the results are obtained. PARALLEL FDTD According to the principle of FDTD algorithm, the electromagnetic field value at certain position can be decided by the value of last time step at this position and electromagnetic field value of this time step at nearby position. The electromagnetic field value has no direct relation to the values at position far from this point. So, the whole computational space can be divided into some sections that can be computed in some nodes of parallel computing system. The exchange of field values between nodes can be executed only at interface between sections. According to the basic concept, the computing between parallel nodes can be executed to simulate the serial computing in a single PC or workstation. This is the key point of our parallel FDTD algorithm. Fig.1 shows the methodology of serial and the parallel approach Figure 1. Serial and parallel approach PARALLEL PROCESSING TECHNIQUE The main idea of parallel processing starts with the updating the EM field components in each processor in the same instant. When the computation updates a field component on the border of the domain, some values belonging to the border of the adjacent domain are required to avoid communications during the computations each sub domain is surrounded by the border cells of the other domain. These border values are communicated after the updating phase. Thus the parallel processing is achieved. The first step of the FDTD modeling starts with the one dimensional method. A Gaussian pulse is generated in the centre of the problem space and the pulse propagates in the both the directions. The time step is taken to be 500 iteration steps and the total time required for the signal is 500fs. The time seconds are calculated by the time taken by the pulse to originate from the centre and to decay at the end. The Matlab code is developed for one dimensional FDTD for serial processing and the code is updated to parallel processing. The number of cells of the computation domain in varied by keeping the number of iterations constant and the time taken by the serial and the parallel processing is noted. The figure2 shows the comparison between the serial and parallel processing for different number of cells. From the figure 2 it is noted that the parallel processing code is able to process the large number of cells within the shorter period of time, thereby proving that the parallel processing can be used to process larger amount of data in shorter duration of time. Figure 2. Serial vs. parallel processing The parallel processing code developed has been simulated in various newer version Intel processors which is used to analyze the performance. The number of iterations are kept constant and the cell size is varied and the code is simulated in different Intel processors include i3, i5, i7 and Pentium processors. The results shows that the updated newer version i7 was able to process the data more quickly, so that the parallel processing can be used more efficiently in higher versions system which is easily available now a days. Figure 3 shows the Comparision with different versions of the processors. From the results it is observed that the i7 processor was able to process the code more efficiently than the others. Pentium processor which is one of the oldest among took larger time to process the code. Figure 3. Parallel processing on different versions of Intel processors The parallel code is simulated with different number of Matlab workers. Figure 4 shows the relation between the parallel code and the number of Matlab workers. In this code the number of iterations is kept constant and the time taken by the code to run with different number of cells is noted. The graph shows that parallel code works more efficiently when the number of workers is increased to be four. Figure 4. Performance with different number of Matlab workers The speed-ups increase with the problem size because of the better exploitation of CPU resources and parallel processing. Figure 5 shows the achieved speed-ups for with respect to the serial algorithm running on the CPU. Thus the parallel processing gives a better speed up for larger problems. Figure 5. Speed up comparison for serial and parallel processing From the figure 5 it is noted that the parallel processing gives a better speed up. With the previous results the number of iterations and the cell size is varied and the results are noted. For each cell size the iterations are changed and the values are noted. Figure 6 shows the speed up for different cell size at various iterations. From the figure it can be absorbed that larger the computation domain better the speed up thereby making the parallel processing very much suitable for larger computation domain. Figure 6. Iteration vs. Speedup CONCLUSION From the results it is observed that the disadvantage of the FDTD method can be overcome by using Parallel processing FDTD method. The performance analysis of this paper thereby shows that the parallel processing can be easily achieved efficiently by using modern CPU’s present today which can be used to do complex computations. REFERENCES [1]. Yee, K. S., Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwells equations in isotropic media, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 14, No. 5, 302-307, May 1966. [2]. Time Domain Maxwell s Equations Solver: Software and User s Guide, Norwood, MA, Artech House, 2004. [3]. W. Yu and R. Mittra, A Conformal FDTD Software Package for Modeling of Antennas and Microstrip Circuit Components, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 42, 5, October 2000, pp. 28-39. [4]. W. Yu and R. Mittra, A Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain Technique for Modeling Curved Dielectric Surfaces,  IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, January 2001, pp. 25-27. [5]. W. Yu and R. Mittra, A New Sub gridding Method for Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Algorithm, Microwave Opt. Techno. Lett. , 21, 5, June 1999, pp. 3 3 0-333. [6]. B. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Yu, and R. Mittra, A Hybrid 2-D FDTD Sub gridding Scheme for Modeling On-Chip Interconnects, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging, 24, 4, November 200 1 , pp. 528-533. [7]. X. Zhu, T. Dogaru, and L. Carin, Three-Dimensional Biorthogonal Multiresolution Time-Domain Method and Its Application to Electromagnetic Scattering Problems, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-51, 5, May 2003, pp. 1085- 1 092. [8]. Q. H. Liu, The PSTD Algorithm: A Time-Domain Method Requiring Only Two Cells Per Wavelength, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett.,IS,1997, pp. 1 58- 1 65. [9] W. H. Yu, Y. J. Liu, T. Su, N.-T. Huang, and R. Mittra, †A robust parallel conformal finite-difference time-domain processing package using the MPI library,† IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 39-59, 2005. [10] Almasi, G.S, and Gohlied, A, â€Å"Highly Parallel Computing†. Benjamin Cummings Publishing, 2a ed., 1994. [11]. Taflove A, Brodwin ME. Numerical solution of steady-state electromagnetic scattering problems using the time-dependent Maxwell’s equations. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech. 1975,MTT-23(8):623–30. [12]. W. Yu, X. Yang, Y. Liu, and R. Mittra â€Å"Parallel FDTD Performance Analysis on Different Hardware Platforms â€Å",IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas and Propagation Meeting

Use of Credit Cards :: essays research papers

The use of credit cards is much more dangerous than use of checks or cash. Paying with cash is very easy; for knowing how much money is available and how much can be spent makes it very hard to get into debt. When paying with a check the process is a bit trickier; the exact balance has to be kept on the account at all time. Knowing what this balance is and continuously replenishing it can be quite hard. Nevertheless, even with a check consumers can not get into a lot of trouble. If more money is spent then the shopper has on the current account, the last written check will be rejected and account will be suspended until the balance is paid off. With credit cards however, every year more and more people get into debt. According to American Bankers Association (ABA), Americans owe more then $387 billion on their credit cards. This frightening number, averaging about $3,900 per family, is just as bad for the economy as it is for the consumers. In September of 1995, for example, The AT&T Universal card charged $15 per month for late fee to people who paid their bills just one day after the due date. Visa, on the other hand, was charging the penalty feesfor as little as a dollar over the limit, plus an interest of up to 24.9 percent per year. In the second quarter of 1995, overdue payments as a percentage of outstanding balance hit 3.267 percent. That is the highest mark since recession of 1991. "The picture is, some consumers are very, very deeply in debt," says Charles McMillion, chief economist with MBG Information Services. A swipe of the card has become so natural that many consumers do not realize how much they have charged, nor that it will take them forever to pay that debt off. Seventy percent of respondents to a recent ABA survey said that it would take them at least two months to pay off their holiday expenses. Unfortunately, there are more ways to use a credit card than ever before, making it very hard for consumers to refrain from spending a lot of money. Shopper can charge groceries, teeth cleanings, and on-line services to their credit cards. Introduction of rebate cards – which offer users credit towards new vehicles, frequent-flyer miles,

How to Avoid a Nervous Breakdown During Exams

Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Renewable Energy: The Key to Achieving Sustainable Development of Rural Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi & M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh Abstract Renewable energy technologies (RETs) can help reduce poverty, energy shortage and environmental degradation such as desertification, biodiversity depletion and climate change effects in Bangladesh. The country is short of gas and electricity supply.Over-exploitation of biomass in meeting energy needs of the rural people has caused environmental degradation. RET can help solve those problems if it is widely used in the rural Bangladesh where people primarily depend on biomass energy. Bangladesh has enough renewable to mi tigate such energy crisis and its adverse consequences. Bangladesh being an underdeveloped country, global initiative would be helpful in transferring RETs for the village households. This paper describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its policy issues, implementation, dissemination, marketing, and research and development activities.Modern RETs are still in the research, development and demonstration phase in the country. Like most of the developing countries, there is a niche market for new RETs and several private sector entrepreneurs and NGOs have tried to explore this market. Keywords renewable energy technology; solar home system; rural development; environmental; electricity; biogas; improved cooking stove; clean energy; energy efficiency. Introduction Bangladesh has major problems with energy crisis, persisting poverty and environmental degradation. With only 49% of Bangladeshis having access to electricity, the per capita energy use is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the people who are connected with the national grid are experiencing frequent load shedding. At present, the country can generate about 4500 MW electricity, w hile peak demand is about 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). Therefore, the supply is unreliable. Most of the supply is limited to urban areas; access to electricity in rural areas is less than 10%. RET can solve this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, waterfalls or river current, sea waves or biomass. Use of rene wable energy, increased energy efficiency and enhancement of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gases compared with fossil fuels and increased energy conserv ation facilitates the reduction of primary fossil fuel use, thus mitigating climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services and enhancing security of energy supply. Usable biomass including cow dung, human excreta, poultry litter, kitchen organic waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a village in Bangladesh can produce the amount of biogas that villagers require for cooking. The ferment ed slurry from biogas digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and other nutrients. It is, therefore, best for soil, environmental health and agricultural productivity management. On the other hand, Bangladesh has one of the highest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 day in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a compact flat country with a little geographic variation, the solar radiation data collected from one point may be treated as that of the whole country. In other word, affordable availability of RETs to the rural area could be the panacea of poverty reduction and environmental fix inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and economic development is crucial; the process of economic growth requires the substation of energy mix in the performance of agriculture, industrial and domestic tasks. The lack of adequate energy in rural Bangladesh has economic costs not just at the individual and ho usehold level but at the national level as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas consumption is, therefore, not feasible. Everyone needs energy in one form or another, for day-to-day life, for cooking, lighting, heating and so on.Consequently, energy is to be considered as a basic need along with food, water, shelter and others. In social aspects, energy plays a key role in achieving social justice including gender justice. Low level of energy service is a serious obstacle to raising social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on human energy and primitive technologies for survival introduces a whole range of obstacles to social and gender equality. The rural people in general, and rural females in particular, are tapped in an unceasing cycle of works that condemns them to poor health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal participation in local development programs (i. e. education, income ge nerating activities, etc. ), self governing bodies and political movements. Improved energy services can be at * Corresponding Author Email: [email  protected] com Page 9 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the centre of any strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reasonably priced source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of rural Bangladesh. Suggestions can now be made to the extent that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of appropriate technology, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural Energy Needs More than 70% of total populations of the country live in rural areas. At present major portion of total energy needs for cooking is met by locally available biomass fuels. The rural electrification program meets a small portion of total energy needs. For overall national development there is a need to pay special attention so that the energy needs of rural areas for subsis tence and productive requirements (e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as Solar Home System (SHS), Biogas, and Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) are suitable for Bangladesh. A Solar Bangladesh SHS has been a successful story in Bangladesh. Our rural people have accepted SHS on a mass scale. Once it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the rural people. This myth has been broken. Along with thirty partner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one million SHS have been installed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million rural people (IDCOL, 2011). On average, more than 35,000 systems are installed very month and within the next 1 to 3 years, this rate is likely to be triple. A powerful economic model has been created to make solar energy a part of rural life, integrating one of most sophisticated technologies with the asp irations, toils and successes of the rural people. A rural family can have bright light, watch TV and power their mobile phones at the same cost as kerosene, while escaping from dim light, foul smelling smoke including health and fire hazards. Rural businesses can increase their productivity and income through extended wor king hours and attracting more customers. This sector has been creating green jobs and linkage usinesses especially in the rural areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are assembling solar access ories in village based Technology Centres. Solar engineers are increasingly employed in designing SHS, working in battery factories, and other accessory related businesses. Bangladesh is on the verge of a Solar Revolution. Increased aspirations, failure of grid electricity, growing machination and disposable income have created huge potential for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a proven an d widely used source of energy in the country.There is now yet another wave of renewed interest in biogas due to the increasing concerns of climate change, indoor air pollution and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, particularly for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of being insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to very large number of rural people and to very remote areas makes the technology very suitable and effective. True, commercially produced pipeline natural gas plays and will continue to play vital ro le in the industrialization and urbanization of the country, but his gas will not reach the remote village households any time soon, if at all! In that respect there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the traditional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the last few decades there have been rene wed interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more efficiently and cost effectively for the rural people. The most popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas technology in which iomass (cow dung, poultry dropping, agricultural residue etc) is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can also be used to run small generator to produce electricity for running electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, fridge etc. Biogas technology is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses raw material easily available with the rural households — mostly cow dung. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow dung or other animal dung or biodegradable organic masses are stored in underground chamber in an anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic debris. The composition of biogas is mainly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and burns in similar way as natural gas (it actually burns at 800  °C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000  °C, both suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick made nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a smaller surface feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chamber on the other side. Cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 1:1 ratio) are fed once a day into the underground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a rubber pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is moved to the outlet chamber under the gas pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality fertilizer ready to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million tons of fuel wood is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our forest and have negative impact on weather, land and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps Page 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology will bring about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold inefficient and poor energy use practice into a more efficient and scientific one. Improved Cooking Stove ICS are those trad itional stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give higher thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a fraction of heat content of the fuel fruitfully utilized. Improved stove save 50-60% traditional fuel as compared with traditional ones. Total amount of traditional fuel consumption in the country is about 39 million tons annually. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fuels by improved stoves, therefore , have lower emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It also helps conserve the forest resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be difficult to supply natural gas for cooking purpose to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have bright future in the country. Large scale dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local forest and change the soci al life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can reach the most deprived and vulnerable group in the world today – the millions of rural people who suffer most from the energy crisis – this technology will neither reach its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the world be solved. In the early stage when very few POs started to promote renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of government programs and development aid, leaving a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. Eventually some innovative financing scheme had been created to make RET ffordable for rural people. Innovative Financial Schemes to make the Technology Affordable at the same cost as Kerosene RET is still expensive relative to traditional energy sources. One of our initial challenges was to bring down the high upfront cost of a solar system. An innovative installmen t based financial scheme worked fantastically which reduced the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It also allowed us to expand our market and reach economies of scale which further allowed us to bring down our costs per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we focused on ownership which translates into better care and longevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is becoming more and more viable, especially due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away from traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. Focus on Empowerment, Income Generation & Cost Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher standard of living, and especially social and economical empowerment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar power became synonymous with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other modern amenities. Once the installments were paid off within 3 years, there was minimum running cost for nearly 20 years. This made solar a more attractive option than kerosene. They were social benefits also. The burden of women were reduced as they no longer had to clean kerosene soot , work under dim light and they could take part in home based income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant productivity, more sales, income and jobs. A rural business could double its turnover by using solar while minimizing energy cost. Solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, create new business opportunities such as mobile phones charging shops, electronics repair, maintenance shops, community television centers etc. A Strong Grassroots Network to provide after sales service, right at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to invest in a technology which s not durable and no after sales service is available. We focused on creating a vast network of rural engineers who developed one to one rapport with their customers. They visited each monthly to offer free after sales service for nearly 3 years. Long term warranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for charge controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a client can return his /her system, if the area becomes grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to assemble and epair solar accessories to ensure low cost, quick effective repair, maintenance services and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained cus tomers on how to take care of their systems and provides them with training manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for both clients and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely unaware of renewable energy technologies. Winning rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of community leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. Special focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In order to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special packages for rural schools and madrasa. Introduction to scholarship for school children of solar users and design of especial programs for rural school children to seed awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 understand the local ma rket and customs were accelerated by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, decentralized approach has helped us to keep operating costs low, and gain acceptance by the local communities. GS was unique in that sense that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created powerful social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for young men and women who could earn enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening Culture coupled with Strong Quality Control Building institutional capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infrastructure for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just putting solar systems on the market. Many projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more widespread use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. Th ese POs facilitate a package of interventions to support Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions include rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS remain tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clients. The strong Audit and MIS system help GS seek new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and localized in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, suppliers, manufactures multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a target of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. Solar & other renewable are in a position to pla y a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are yet to reach the penetration rate of mobile phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the lower income group in large numbers. Challenges: GS has set up village based GTC to train and empower young women to become Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and successful programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enabling hundreds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who belong to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, installing and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to date technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as charge controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This h as enhanced their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network helping rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. Appropriate Product Design & Diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the diversified needs of rural clients. The customer tailored packages ranging from 10 to 135 watts allow a rural client to save energy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows sharing of one system by many. Dep ending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. Expect for a few, majority have a very small client base. Cutting edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the prevalence of NGO culture. There has been very little incentive for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft loans from IDCOL. Present practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers translates in huge transaction cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. Seasonal variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resou rce at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the hard work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in order to keep their costs low. There is lack of skilled engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applications. Another major challenge is high battery prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge Tax and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials except solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 solar accessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions, biogas technology reduces CO2 releases from these processes and sustains the capabilit y of forests and woodlands to act as a carbon sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET except for long term soft loan through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no diversification of funding. Mainstream financial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air pollution and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed around 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been receiving because of 50% less fuel cost and smoke free cooking. Various POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if proper initiatives are taken . Opportunities: Exponential demand has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, decreased price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. Nearly 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural economy concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, internet kiosks etc. The rural farmers suffer from power shortage during the irrigation season and replacement of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the rid system of 800 MW load on the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for Integrated Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early warning systems, emergency lighting, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban area s has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and Instant PowerSupply etc. Technical progress has reduced cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of LED and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income groups. LED based systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost include efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. Though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can purify the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been implemented in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our Government which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. Again Biogas technology takes part in the global struggle against the greenhouse effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct substitute for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh currently has a thriving RET sector with multip le companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exporting heir products. Recently government has decided to include solar as a thrust sector in its industry policy. Policy Options: Building a Cutting Edge Entrepreneur Based Structure Bangladesh is uniquely positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the existing model. We need to develop a cutting edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and corner of country to create a truly Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformation:Creating Clean Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET related businesses is needed. Present practice is that service provi ders can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. Similarly solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loans at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the district/sub-district level linked with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc. They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the instal lation.Energy Companies are not able to directly access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk adverse tendency of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepreneurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would invest in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks.  · District/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, information, while national level companies would help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a component in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing grant for pilot testing new projects. Providing matching grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyc lone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain: We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficiency. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R & D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credit loans for creating small and big entrepreneurs in the rural areas. Currently solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider setting up Green Enterprise Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, inver tors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. Circulating green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, tax cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. Public toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and wastewater treatment is unaffordable for the local authorities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/Tax for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for investing in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installation which would be part of housing loans. Easy Access to Green Credit & Funds: Investing in Capacity Development and R & D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Developing a sustainable framework for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality human resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to participate with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R & D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R & D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment collection through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has given birth to one of most successful models to replicate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer friendly options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventually become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has experience with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot sc hemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and strengthening relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are possible avenues to assist with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, South Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. United States Agency for International Development (2011), Obtained from http://www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html [Accessed on 2nd October 2011] 3. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (2011), Obtained from http://www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php [Accessed on 3rd October 2011] Page 15 / 79

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays The main goal of the science of psychology is to discover and generate knowledge about people and their behavior. Studying the cultural aspect of the science adds yet another piece to the puzzle of psychology. By definition, cultural psychology includes cultural similarities and differences in behavior with its main theories. The research pertaining to the study of crossing cultures in a psychological aspect is done by examining the behaviors, beliefs and reactions of people from different cultural backgrounds. To simplify the study of cultural psychology, cultures have been initially divided into two types. The types included are collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and the two are seemingly at opposite ends of the spectrum of psychology. However, there are also etics, that is aspects that are universal across cultures, present in the comparison of the two types of cultures. Aspects that differ from one culture to another are known as emics, and a major goal of scientists engaged in the study of cultures is to determine which aspects of human behavior should be classified as etics and which as emics. Here, Id like to explore an overview of some of both. People who belong to individualistic cultures, such as the Unites States, see themselves as individuals, separate from the societal group. Highly individualistic cultures encourage people to take care of themselves and make life decisions based on their individual needs. Individualists tend to give priority to ones own goals and define their identities in terms of personal attributes. Because of this, they generally possess what is known as an independent construal of self, which simply defines what I have already stated; the individuals focus on internal and personal attributions. This explains the fact that individualists are more likely to prejudge people based on the obvious personal a...

Successful managers of tomorrow will be the ones who have a high cultural quotient

Successful managers of tomorrow will be the ones who have a high cultural quotient Introduction Managers are mainly involved in running and administrating an organisation aiming at achieving the set goals and objectives. They are accountable to the shareholders of the company and ensure that they have achieved the corporate goals of the company within a particular time frame.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Successful managers of tomorrow will be the ones who have a high cultural quotient specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are responsible for formulating the plans and strategies to be implemented by the company to enable it to achieve its objectives. Therefore, they are to ensure that the goals and objectives formulated are the most suitable ones from the variety of alternative strategies that they may have brainstormed. Organisations and companies are formed within countries and kingdoms that have different political frameworks and structures, economies and cultural diversities (Reich 1991). Fi ndings The managers of different countries work in different cultural environments ensuring at the same time that they meet the corporate goals and objectives of their respective organisation. Mostly, the managers who are responsible for administration of multinational corporations have a major challenge to align various cultures of different countries where their companies are established in and ensure that they meet the demands of the market by operating in accordance to their traditions. The success of every company in the world is determined by how it satisfies its customers. That is why marketing is an important function in every organisation because it is involved in identification of the customers’ needs and wants, their anticipation and lastly satisfaction of their customers in order to attract them (Porter Read 1998). Therefore, managers have to ensure that they identify the world-views and desires of their particular customers, build up a strong trade connection at the market, and develop strategies that will satisfy different consumers while achieving their corporate goals and mission.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They also have to identify different cultures of the world because of their respective employees who work in the companies (Florida 2002). Another factor that determines the success of an organisation in achieving its corporate goals and objectives is effective human resource management. This is mostly connected with the welfare of its employees, selection and recruitment of new personnel. The managers of these companies have to ensure that they know the cultures of employees so as to work with them properly. Some of the matters that employees are important to them are money and physiological needs. The managers should use money as a motivating factor for the employees who value money most of all in their work places making them work more effective and efficient, and thereby enable the company to achieve its corporate goals and objectives. They should know how to make different values and world-views of their employees come together to form one corporate organisational culture. It is evident that there have been major changes in the business environment for the last 20 years due to different cultures and traditions that exist in the world, and the managers of the organizations work tirelessly to ensure that they identify and meet the norms and traditions of different cultures so as to achieve the corporate goals and objectives of their company in order to remain in business. Cultural values and norms can be very different all over the world because of a number of factors that are discussed in details in this essay (Shapiro Varian1998). One of the main factors that have contributed to the major cultural differences includes different religions.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Successful managers of tomorrow will be the ones who have a high cultural quotient specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion is what a particular individual believes in, and in most cases, people put their faith in some supernatural being. Every nation has a major religion that dominates that country irrespective of other minor religions that are present in the same land. The dominant religions may include Christianity, Islam as well as Hinduism, as a result, the religion that many people relate to determines the major cultural features adopted in that particular country. A company that operates in such a country with some particular dominating religious culture has to ensure that it operates taking into account the cultural norms. For instance, in a country where the majority of population are Muslims, a sausage company cannot successfully operate because the Islam religion does not allow to eat pork. Another factor that reall y determines the market of a particular state is the economic status of that respective country. When the economics of a country is developed and fast moving, then it has favourable conditions and necessary facilities for business development, while the country with a poor economy and slow growth has a difficult market environment to work in. The company that operates in any of these two countries has to identify the economic status of that particular state. In addition, it should determine what type of goods or services to produce and how to price the goods and services offered in the market. Another factor that determines the market of a given country is the political framework that governs that particular country. The political situation in the land has a great influence on the formulation of rules and regulations of that state. These rules and regulations govern the operations of a particular country, and hence the managers of that company have to ensure that they are aware of t he political framework operating. That automatically determines the business environment of the particular country so that their company does not violate government rules. The technology employed in a given country also influence the market. The developed countries are known to be innovative in terms of technology, and their citizens are used to the high technology.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies operating or aiming to start businesses in these countries have to find out and learn how the technological progress is advanced there and also ensure that they also embrace the same technological advancements if they want to satisfy their customers to make profit. These differences in the business environment that are found in many countries affect how commercial transactions are carried out between business partners in different countries. The following is an evaluation on how different environments in various states affect the business partners. Most of these differences include the religious, political, economic and technological factors. Religion of different countries determines the type of business that prevails in that particular country. That is why, the managers of the respective companies have to identify the religion and culture of the people that form the market of their goods and services. As earlier mentioned, the purpose of marketing is to satisfy custo mers, and hence the companies should produce goods and services that do not run counter the religious principles of those individuals in that country. Political factor determines the laws that are established in a given state. Some countries have very strict and rigid laws that do not favour the formation and operation of any given company, and hence the managers who are involved in administration and running of the corporations have to ensure that they are aware of these rules and regulations to keep their firms on the right side of the government to avoid closure of the companies. Likewise, some countries have laws that favour the formation of companies and even their operations, and hence most of the global corporations are established there. Technological progress is highly embraced in most of the countries worldwide because of its effectiveness and efficiency. Majority of the people prefer to use products that are technologically advanced, that is why the companies that are to be formed in the developed countries or have already been formed there should operate a high technology as well. Conclusion In general, the strategy that most companies use for their success is marketing, and there is no doubt that marketing has become diverse. The managers in any given company have to ensure that they identify this marketing diversity that is mostly brought by the above mentioned differences. Due to these factors, the managers have become able to identify and be aware of almost all the business environments all over the world. That is why, knowing all these factors and being able to examine and analyze them respectively give the managers irrefutable advantage and benefit because, thus, they will be able to design a successful business strategy and implement it in their company to gain all the corporate goals set. Due to these, managers in the firms are considered to be the people who have a high cultural quotient (Reich 2001). References Florida, R 2002, The rise o f the creative class, Basic Books, New York. Porter, A. Read, W 1998, The information revolution, Ablex Publishing, Greenwich. Reich, R 2001, The future of success, Vintage, New York. Reich, R 1991, The work of nations preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism, A.A Knopf, New York. Shapiro, C Varian, H 1998, Information rules, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge.